| Genetic |
Li et al (2018)
65
- Li M
- Huo X
- Pan Y
- Cai H
- Dai Y
- Xu X
Proteomic evaluation of human umbilical cord tissue exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in an e-waste recycling area.
|
Cross-sectional: exposed town vs reference town, China |
150 pregnant women (mean age 26·51 years) |
150 pregnant women (mean age 28·43 years) |
PBDEs |
Umbilical cord ∑14PBDEs=71·92 ng/g lw vs 15·52 ng/g lw (p<0·001). Lower expression of CAT=902 pg/g wt vs 1305 pg/g wt, GSTO1=526 pg/g wt vs 562 pg/g wt, Cyt c=389 pg/g wt vs 268 pg/g wt (all p<0·01). ∑14PBDEs, BDE-17, BDE-99, BDE-183 associated with decreased CAT expression (β=−0·31 to −0·10), GSTO1 decrease with BDE-153, BDE-190 (β=−0·20 to −0·16), BDE-99, BDE-190 increased Cyt c expression (β=0·16 to 0·19; all p<0·05). |
Lin et al (2013)
57
- Lin S
- Huo X
- Zhang Q
- et al.
Short placental telomere was associated with cadmium pollution in an electronic waste recycling town in China.
|
Cross-sectional: exposed town vs non-polluted town, China |
227 healthy puerperae (mean age 26·45 years) |
93 healthy puerperae (mean age 27·63 years) |
Lead and cadmium |
Placental cadmium=0·09 μg/g vs 0·02 μg/g (p<0·01), lead=1·25 μg/g vs 1·35 μg/g (p>0·05). Placental telomere length negatively correlated with cadmium (r=−0·14; p<0·05), no correlation between placental lead and telomere length (r=0·03; p>0·05). Positive correlation between mean TRF length and T/S ratio (R2=0·79; p<0·01). residence during pregnancy in exposed associated with telomere length (OR=2·0, 95% CI 0·07 to 0·60). |
Zeng et al (2019)
36
- Zeng Z
- Huo X
- Zhang Y
- Hylkema MN
- Wu Y
- Xu X
Differential DNA methylation in newborns with maternal exposure to heavy metals from an e-waste recycling area.
|
Cross sectional: exposed town vs reference town, China |
101 pregnant women (mean age 27·3 years) |
103 pregnant women (mean age 28·0 years) |
Lead, cadmium, manganese, and chromium |
Umbilical cord blood lead=7·34 μg/dL vs 3·07 μg/dL (p<0·001), no difference of umbilical cord blood cadmium, manganese, and chromium among groups (p>0·05). Methylation of BAI1 (cg25614253; 8% vs 7%, hyper-regulated), CTNNA2 (cg20208879; 62% vs 64%, hypo-regulated; all p<0·05), both correlated with umbilical cord blood lead (r=0·16 and r=−0·19; p<0·05). In adjusted regression, umbilical cord blood lead negatively associated with CTNNA2 (β=−1·20, 95% CI −2·13 to −0·26). No correlation between umbilical cord blood cadmium, manganese, chromium levels, and the methylation levels of two CpGs. |
Huo et al (2014)
34
- Huo X
- Peng L
- Qiu B
- Zheng L
- Yekeen TA
- Xu X
ALAD genotypes and blood lead levels of neonates and children from e-waste exposure in Guiyu, China.
|
Cross sectional: exposed town vs reference town, China |
189 neonates and 319 children |
84 neonatesand 185 children |
Lead |
Blood lead in neonates (2004–05: 10·50 μg/dL vs 7·79 μg/dL; 2006: 9·41 μg/dL vs 5·49 μg/dL), children (2004–05: 15·31 μg/dL vs 9·94 μg/dL; 2006: 13·17 μg/dL vs 10·04 μg/dL; all p<0·05). No difference of ALAD genotypes between groups (p>0·05), no significant differences between blood lead and ALAD-1/ALAD-1 or ALAD-1/ALAD-2 among newborns and children (all p>0·05). |
Xu et al (2020)
37
- Xu L
- Huo X
- Liu Y
- Zhang Y
- Qin Q
- Xu X
Hearing loss risk and DNA methylation signatures in preschool children following lead and cadmium exposure from an electronic waste recycling area.
|
Cross-sectional: exposed town vs reference town, China |
68 preschool children aged 3–7 years |
48 preschool children aged 3–7 years |
Lead and cadmium |
Blood lead=5·29 μg/dL vs 3·63 μg/dL (p<0·001), urinary cadmium 1·52 μg/g vs 1·21 μg/g cre (p>0·05). Higher promoter methylation levels at cg02978827, position +14, and lower methylation at position +4 of Rb1 (all p<0·05), no difference of methylation in CASP8, MeCP2 among groups. Strong positive trend of MeCP2 promoter methylation with increasing lead (R2=0·709) and cadmium (R2=0·687), minimal negative trend of Rb1 (R2=0·014 and R2=0·015) and CASP8 (R2=0·001 and R2=0·002). |
Li et al (2014)
35
Genotoxic effects and serum abnormalities in residents of regions proximal to e-waste disposal facilities in Jinghai, China.
|
Cross-sectional: close proximity (≤5 km to e-waste recycling) vs remote group (<40 km), China |
30 adult residents (mean age 41 years) |
28 adult residents (mean age 33 years) |
Calcium, copper, iron, lead, zinc, selenium, magnesium, and POPs |
Lead=90·39 μg/L vs 68·40 μg/L, copper=17·34 μM vs 15·20 μM, MDA=1·29 vs 0·25 nmol/mL, PCBs=42·59 vs 10·14, PBDEs=23·05 vs 14·60, calcium=1·71 nM vs 1·82 nM, zinc=101 μM vs 127 μM (all p<0·05). Micronucleus=18·27% vs 7·32% (p<0·001). CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios, CD4+CD25nt/hiCD127lo regulatory T cell percentage, and CD95 expression higher in close proximity group (p>0·05). RNA expression genes: men detrimentally affected (p<0·05). |
Yuan et al (2018)
75
- Yuan J
- Liu Y
- Wang J
- et al.
Long-term persistent organic pollutants exposure induced telomere dysfunction and senescence-associated secretary phenotype.
|
Cohort study: exposed town (e-waste disposal center) vs control town, China |
3349 local residents |
2606 local residents |
PCBs, PBDEs, and lipid-standardised serum POP |
Increased PCBs, PBDEs, ageing signal pathway (P53, Rb, P16INK4a, and P14ARF in plasma), IL-6 and IL-10 (p<0·05, data not shown), increased TNF-α (p>0·05, data not shown) among exposed. Micronucleus=20·62% vs 7·21% (p<0·01), telomere loss=1·24% vs 0·10%, fragile telomere=2·76% vs 0·69%, decreased LINE-1 DNA methylation in exposed. PBDE-184 correlated with telomere shortening (r=−0·27; p<0·05). POP exposures associated with type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disorders, abnormal pregnancy, and foetal growth. |
Li et al (2020)
59
Associations between metal exposure and global DNA methylation in potentially affected people in E-Waste recycling sites in Taizhou City, China.
|
Experiment site (e-waste residents and former workers) vs reference site, China |
23 local residents and 23 former workers, aged 30–50 years |
45 residents aged 30–50 years |
25 metals |
Arsenic=17·24 ng/mL vs 15·42 ng/mL vs 10·84 ng/mL, nickel=4·01 ng/mL vs 4·76 ng/mL vs 1·95 ng/mL, silver=0·16 ng/mL vs 0·22 ng/mL vs 0·03 ng/mL, lanthanum=0·30 ng/mL vs 0·47 ng/mL vs 0·03 ng/mL, cerium=2·43 ng/mL vs 4·08 ng/mL vs 0·06 ng/mL (all p<0·05 between controls vs e-waste residents and controls vs former workers). Blood cerium negatively correlated with global DNA methylation among former workers (r=−0·51; p<0·05). |
He et al (2015)
78
- He X
- Jing Y
- Wang J
- et al.
Significant accumulation of persistent organic pollutants and dysregulation in multiple DNA damage repair pathways in the electronic-waste-exposed populations.
|
Cross sectional: exposed town vs non-exposed town, China |
23 adult residents (mean age 35 years) |
25 adult residents (mean age 35 years) |
PCBs, BDE, DP, HCB, HCH, and DDE |
PCBs=149 ng/g lipid vs 35 ng/g lipid, DPs=8·14 ng/g lipid vs 1·96 ng/g lipid, BDE congeners=16·33 ng/g lipid vs 14·28 ng/g lipid (all p<0·05). Higher ROS activity (data not shown) and micronucleus rate (16·74% vs 7·8%) in exposed (both p<0·05), no correlation between POPs (PBDE/DP/PCB) and micronucleus rate (p<0·05). Expression of NEIL1/3, RPA3 downregulated, and E3 ligase RNF8 upregulated. Expression of CDC25A upregulated in males and downregulated in females among exposed (p<0·05). |
Guo et al (2019)
72
Disruption of thyroid hormone regulated proteins and gene expression by polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and new flame retardants in residents of an e-waste region.
|
Cross-sectional: exposed town vs control town, China |
54 local adult residents aged 26–75 years |
58 local adult residents aged 26–75 years |
PCBs, PBDEs, and NFR |
∑PCB=310 ng/g lipid vs 42 ng/g lipid, ∑PBDE=190 ng/g lipid vs 74 ng/g lipid, ∑NFR=350 ng/g lipid vs 110 ng/g lipid; all p<0·05). Lower expression of TRα=14 × 10−3 vs 29 × 10, TRβ=0·47 × 10−3 vs 0·32 × 10−3, and higher expression of ID1=4·2 × 10−3 vs 3·2 × 10−3 (all p<0·05). High PCBs, PBDEs and NFRs exposures decrease expression of TRα, and increase expression of ID1 (p<0·05). |
| Oxidative damage |
Ni et al (2014)
31
- Ni W
- Huang Y
- Wang X
- Zhang J
- Wu K
Associations of neonatal lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel co-exposure with DNA oxidative damage in an electronic waste recycling town.
|
Cross-sectional: exposed town vs control town, China |
126 pregnant women (mean age 26·05) |
75 pregnant women (mean age 25·45) |
Lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel |
Umbilical cord blood lead=110 ng/mL vs 57 ng/mL, cadmium=2·50 ng/mL vs 0·33 ng/mL (p<0·001), no difference of nickel and chromium among groups (p>0·05). Umbilical cord blood 8-OHdG=162 ng/mL vs 154 ng/mL (p>0·05). 8-OHdG positively associated with cadmium (β=0·13, 95% CI 0·05 to 0·20), chromium (β=0·09, 95% CI 0·01 to 0·16), and nickel (β=0·21, 0·11 to 0·32; all p<0·05). |
Zhou et al (2013)
85
Disruption of sex hormones and oxidative homeostasis in parturient women and their matching fetuses at an e-waste recycling site in China.
|
Cross-sectional: exposed town vs reference town, China |
46 parturient women (mean age 27·82) |
44 parturient women (mean age 24·89) |
Not assessed |
Increased MDA, suppressed SOD in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, placentas, and umbilical cord among exposed (p<0·05). GPx decreased in placentas and umbilical cord in exposed (p<0·05). MDA, SOD, and GPx in maternal serum associated with umbilical cord serum (r=0·90, r=0·86, r=0·85; all p<0·01), MDA, SOD, GPx in placentas associated with umbilical cords (r=0·89, r=0·96, r=0·77; all p<0·01). |
Xu et al (2018)
32
- Xu X
- Liao W
- Lin Y
- Dai Y
- Shi Z
- Huo X
Blood concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury and their association with biomarkers of DNA oxidative damage in preschool children living in an e-waste recycling area.
|
Cross-sectional: e-waste recycling area, China |
118 preschool children aged: 3–6 years |
None |
Lead, cadmium, and mercury |
Blood lead=7·43 μg/dL, blood cadmium=0·72 μg/L, blood mercury=11·13 μg/L, median 8-OHdG=407·79 ng/g cre, median mRNA expression level of hOGG1=0·038. Elevated blood lead (quartiles 2–4) had higher 8-OHdG (βQ2–Q4=0·31–0·36; p<0·05) than low blood lead (quartile 1). No correlation between blood cadmium and 8-OHdG (p>0·05), elevated blood mercury (quartile 2) correlated with 8-OHdG than low blood mercury (βQ2=0·23; p<0·05). |
Li et al (2013)
77
Reactive oxygen species alteration of immune cells in local residents at an electronic waste recycling site in northern China.
|
Cross-sectional: exposed region vs reference region, China |
23 rural residents (mean age 32·6 years) |
28 rural residents (mean age 33·2 years) |
PCBs, PBDEs, PBB, DP, HCB, β-HCH, and p,pʹ-DDE |
PCBs=60·4 ng/g lipid vs 28·4 ng/g lipid, DP=9·0 ng/g lipid vs 2·8 ng/g lipid, PBB-153=0·55 ng/g lipid vs 0·25 ng/g lipid (all p<0·01). Increased ROS levels in WBC and NG, lower ROS in respiratory burst of NG among exposed (data not shown; p<0·001). Positive correlation between PCBs and ROS in WBC, NG (R=0·30 and R=0·31; p<0·05), inverse correlation between ROS in respiratory burst and PCBs (R=−0·45; p<0·01), no relation between ROS and PBDEs, DP, PBB153 (p>0·05). |
Lu et al (2016)
62
- Lu SY
- Li YX
- Zhang JQ
- et al.
Associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and oxidative stress in people living near e-waste recycling facilities in China.
|
Cross-sectional: e-waste exposed town vs rural reference vs urban reference town, China |
130 local residents aged 0·4–87 years |
24 rural residents and 22 urban residents aged 0·4–87 years |
PAH |
Urinary ∑10OH-PAHs=25·4 μg/g cre vs 11·7 μg/g cre vs 10·9 μg/g cre, 8-OHdG=16·2 μg/g cre vs 12·3 μg/g cre vs 11·6 μg/g cre, MDA=47·9 μg/g cre vs 36·1 μg/g cre vs 31·3 μg/g cre (all p<0·05). 8-OHdG significantly increased with ∑10OH-PAHs (β=0·35, 95% CI 0·21 to 0·49) and individual OH-PAHs (β=0·10–0·35; p<0·05), urinary 1-PYR correlated with MDA (r=0·28; p<0·01) in exposed group. |
Lu et al (2017)
84
- Lu SY
- Li YX
- Zhang T
- et al.
Effect of e-waste Recycling on urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers and their association with oxidative stress.
|
Cross-sectional: e-waste exposed town vs rural vs urban reference town, China |
175 local residents aged 0·4–87 years |
29 rural residents and 17 urban residents aged 0·4–87 years |
Cl-mOPs and NCl-mOP metabolites |
Urinary ∑Cl-mOPs=1·7 ng/mL vs 0·93 ng/mL vs 0·56 ng/mL (p<0·05), ∑NCl-mOPs=1·5 ng/mL vs 0·60 ng/mL (p<0·05 for exposed vs rural) vs 0·96 ng/mL, most abundant mOPs=BCEP (Cl-mOP) and DPHP (NCl-mOP) increased among exposed than rural reference (p<0·05). Significant association between 8-OHdG and BCEP (r=0·50), BCIPP (r=0·48), DBP (r=0·21), and DPHP (r=0·44) in exposed site (all p<0·05). |
Yang et al (2015)
63
- Yang Q
- Qiu X
- Li R
- Ma J
- Li K
- Li G
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and oxidative stress for a rural population from the North China Plain.
|
Cross-sectional: e-waste recycling site, China |
116 rural residents (mean age 36·9 years) |
None |
PAHs |
1-HO-PYR=0·57 μg/g cre, HO-PHEs=2·2 μg/g cre, HO-FLU=5·0 μg/g cre, HO-BPs=7·0 μg/g cre, HO-NAPs=16·6 μg/g cre. Urinary MDA and 8-OHdG=74·7 μg/g cre and 185 μg/g cre. Positive association between MDA and hydroxy-PAH (1-HO-PYR [β=0·40], HO-PHEs [β=0·48], HO-FLUs [β=0·35], HO-BPs [β=0·48], HO-NAPs [β=0·28]; all p<0·001), no correlation between 8-OHdG and hydroxy-PAH (p>0·05). |
Zhang et al (2019)
81
- Zhang B
- Zhang T
- Duan Y
- et al.
Human exposure to phthalate esters associated with e-waste dismantling: exposure levels, sources, and risk assessment.
|
Cross sectional: exposed vs reference village, China |
124 local residents aged 0·4–87 years |
22 local residents aged 0·4–87 years |
PAEs |
Urinary ∑mPAE=248 ng/mL vs reference (data not shown; p<0·05), higher mCMHP, mEHHP, mEHP, mMP, mEP in exposed group (p<0·05). Positive correlation between mECPP, mCMHP, mEHHP, mEHP, mCPP, mBP, miBP, mMP (8 of 11 mPAEs) and 8-OHdG (r=0·18–0·36; p<0·05). |
Zhang et al (2019)
33
- Zhang T
- Ruan J
- Zhang B
- et al.
Heavy metals in human urine, foods and drinking water from an e-waste dismantling area: identification of exposure sources and metal-induced health risk.
|
Cross sectional: exposed town vs rural reference, China |
139 local residents aged 0·4–87 years |
26 local residents aged 0·4–87 years |
Lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, thallium, tin, antimony, selenium, and aluminium |
Urinary lead=4·98 ng/mL vs 1·23 ng/mL, cadmium=2·12 ng/mL vs 1·33 ng/mL, copper=22·2 ng/mL vs 16·9 ng/mL, antimony=0·20 ng/mL vs 0·11 ng/mL, arsenic=46·6 ng/mL vs 62·0 ng/mL (p<0·05). Urinary 8-OHdG positively correlated with all metals (except manganese and aluminium) in exposed group (r=0·324–0·710; p<0·01), high correlation coefficient between highly toxic arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium and 8-OHdG (r=0·45–0·61; p<0·01). |
Zhang et al (2016)
82
- Zhang T
- Xue J
- Gao CZ
- et al.
Urinary concentrations of bisphenols and their association with biomarkers of oxidative stress in people living near e-waste recycling facilities in China.
|
Cross sectional: exposed villages vs rural reference village vs urban reference village, China |
116 local residents aged 0·4–87 years |
22 rural residents and 20 urban residents aged 0·4–87 years |
BPA and 7 BPs |
Urinary BPA=2·99 ng/mL vs 0·59 ng/mL vs 0·95 ng/mL (p<0·01), BPS=0·36 ng/mL vs 0·39 ng/mL (p>0·05 for exposed vs rural) vs 0·65 ng/mL, BPF=0·35 vs 0·09 (p<0·01 for exposed vs rural) vs 0·56 ng/mL, urinary 8-OHdG=8·00 ng/mL vs 6·84 ng/mL vs 7·31 ng/mL (p value not shown). 8-OHdG positively correlated with BPA (r=0·41) and BPS (r=0·39) in exposed (both p<0·001), no relation with BPF (p>0·05). |
